Magnets ate at work in some important aspects of many different industries. They also affect us in various levels. For example, when you save data on your computer, you are setting up a permanent magnet on the disk. Another example would be the use of a compass (which is oriented to Earth’s magnetic field) in telling directions. Or simply, in a laboratory experiment where a handful of iron filings creates certain shapes once it is sprinkled on a bar of magnet.
Magnetism is possible whenever the electrically charged particles of a magnetic material are in motion. Many materials have unpaired electron spins. When the spins interact with each other in such a way that the spins align spontaneously, exhibiting spontaneous magnetization, the materials are called ferromagnetic. More recently, however, a material is considered to be ferromagnetic only if all of its magnetic ions add a positive contribution to the net magnetization.
Most ferromagnetic materials are transition metals that contain unfilled electron shells. Examples of these are cobalt, iron and nickel. The ferromagnetic behavior of these elements can be attributed to their outer electrons.
Because of their spin and alignment, outer electrons get to have a net magnetic moment. This influences the electrons of neighboring atoms, which also align their magnetic moments. This alignment then creates a net magnetic field.
To make materials that can be more permanently magnetized, these transition metals are alloyed with other metals like aluminum (with the transition metal getting a bigger percentage). In some cases, a transition metal is combined with a non-metal or a metalloid such as boron, silicon, carbon and phosphorous. There are also ferromagnetic alloys, known as Heusler alloys, with component elements that are not ferromagnetic themselves.
Once the alloy is made, it is cooled and placed in a magnetizing field. The alloy increases the applied field, thus creating a more intense one. When the applied field is further increased and all magnetic moments are oriented in parallel with it, the alloy will be saturated. When the applied field is turned off, it will still be oriented in the same position, allowing a new permanent magnet to be formed.
Ferromagnetic alloys are important in transformers, electromagnets, motors and generators where an increased magnetic field is needed. These alloys enable these devices to work and enhance their performance.
M.R.RAMOS
Magnetism is possible whenever the electrically charged particles of a magnetic material are in motion. Many materials have unpaired electron spins. When the spins interact with each other in such a way that the spins align spontaneously, exhibiting spontaneous magnetization, the materials are called ferromagnetic. More recently, however, a material is considered to be ferromagnetic only if all of its magnetic ions add a positive contribution to the net magnetization.
Most ferromagnetic materials are transition metals that contain unfilled electron shells. Examples of these are cobalt, iron and nickel. The ferromagnetic behavior of these elements can be attributed to their outer electrons.
Because of their spin and alignment, outer electrons get to have a net magnetic moment. This influences the electrons of neighboring atoms, which also align their magnetic moments. This alignment then creates a net magnetic field.
To make materials that can be more permanently magnetized, these transition metals are alloyed with other metals like aluminum (with the transition metal getting a bigger percentage). In some cases, a transition metal is combined with a non-metal or a metalloid such as boron, silicon, carbon and phosphorous. There are also ferromagnetic alloys, known as Heusler alloys, with component elements that are not ferromagnetic themselves.
Once the alloy is made, it is cooled and placed in a magnetizing field. The alloy increases the applied field, thus creating a more intense one. When the applied field is further increased and all magnetic moments are oriented in parallel with it, the alloy will be saturated. When the applied field is turned off, it will still be oriented in the same position, allowing a new permanent magnet to be formed.
Ferromagnetic alloys are important in transformers, electromagnets, motors and generators where an increased magnetic field is needed. These alloys enable these devices to work and enhance their performance.
M.R.RAMOS
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